Interventions & Treatments

VO2max, or maximal oxygen uptake, is a physiological measure of how efficiently the heart, lungs, and muscles deliver and use oxygen during maximal exertion.

Caloric restriction means sustained reduction of calorie intake, typically 15 to 40 percent below usual intake, while maintaining adequate protein, vitamins, and minerals to avoid malnutrition.

Sauna bathing involves sitting in a hot, typically dry-to-moderate-humidity room (commonly 80 to 100 degrees Celsius in the traditional Finnish style) for roughly 10 to 20 minutes.

Cold exposure describes deliberate short-term exposure to cold water (commonly 10 to 15 degrees Celsius) or cold air, typically for one to a few minutes.

Intermittent fasting (IF) and time-restricted eating (TRE) describe eating patterns that cycle between periods of eating and fasting.

Metformin is a first-line, decades-old oral diabetes medication that lowers blood glucose primarily by reducing hepatic glucose production and improving insulin sensitivity.

Rapamycin (sirolimus) is an FDA-approved immunosuppressant that inhibits mTORC1, a central nutrient-sensing signaling complex that regulates cell growth, protein synthesis, and autophagy.

Growth hormone (GH) is a pituitary hormone that stimulates growth in childhood and continues to regulate metabolism, muscle mass, and bone density in adults.

NAD+ is a coenzyme required for hundreds of cellular reactions, including energy metabolism, DNA repair, and the activity of sirtuins, a family of proteins linked to stress resistance and.

Partial epigenetic reprogramming refers to briefly and repeatedly activating some or all of the four Yamanaka factors (often just Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4, abbreviated OSK) inside adult cells.

Senolytics are compounds that selectively induce death in senescent cells, which are cells that have stopped dividing but remain metabolically active and secrete inflammatory factors (the.

Young plasma infusion is the practice of transfusing blood plasma from young donors into older recipients, marketed with claims of reversing aging, dementia, or various chronic diseases.