Immune & Inflammatory

Thymalfasin / TA1

The other Goldstein thymic peptide. Approved in 35+ countries. Strong post-COVID research.

Immune Enhancement / ThymicNot FDA-approved for any US indication; marketed as Zadaxin (thymalfasin) in ~35 countries for chronic hepatitis B/C and as an immune adjunct. In the US it has been available only via compounding, and the FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (Dec 2024) reviewed TA1 as a 503A bulk drug substance and flagged immunogenicity/aggregation concerns, moving toward barring it from 503A compounding.

Ang-(1-7) · ACE2 Downstream Peptide

An endogenous heptapeptide generated by ACE2, angiotensin-(1-7) is the Mas-receptor agonist that forms the protective, counter-regulatory arm of the renin-angiotensin system, opposing the ACE/angiotensin II axis with signals associated with cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic effects. Its synthetic formulation TXA-127 (talfirastide) reached early-phase human trials, including COVID-19 ICU studies that showed safety but neutral efficacy, and no product is approved.

Cardioprotective / ACE2 AxisNo approval for any indication. TXA127 (talfirastide) holds several FDA orphan-drug designations (pulmonary arterial hypertension, stem-cell engraftment, myelodysplastic syndrome, and rare muscular dystrophies) and a fast-track designation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, all pre-approval.

Non-Erythropoietic EPO Fragment

An 11-amino-acid erythropoietin-derived (helix-B) peptide that activates the innate repair receptor without raising red blood cell count. Developed by Araim Pharmaceuticals; completed Phase 2 for sarcoidosis-associated small-fibre neuropathy with modest, promising but not confirmatory signals. Not FDA-approved.

Innate Repair Receptor AgonistNot FDA-approved. Completed Phase 2; holds FDA Orphan Drug and Fast Track designations for sarcoidosis neuropathic pain, which are development designations, not approvals.

Gamma-Glu-Cys-Gly Master Antioxidant Tripeptide

An endogenous master antioxidant tripeptide (gamma-Glu-Cys-Gly) present in every cell, whose levels decline with age. Oral bioavailability of the intact molecule is poor and debated. Small oral RCTs suggest a modest, inconsistent skin-brightening effect, and pilot liver data are preliminary. The IV 'skin-whitening' and detox use marketed by wellness clinics is unapproved and is the subject of US and Philippine FDA safety warnings, including reports of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and anaphylaxis.

Antioxidant TripeptideNo FDA-approved drug for skin whitening, detox, or anti-aging by any route. Oral glutathione is sold as a dietary supplement. Injectable/IV glutathione for cosmetic skin lightening is unapproved; the US FDA issued 2019 warnings against compounding it into sterile injectables after endotoxin-linked adverse events, and it holds only narrow investigational/adjunct clinical roles.

AT-1001 Tight Junction Regulator

A synthetic 8-amino-acid tight junction regulator (zonulin antagonist) developed for celiac disease. It reached Phase 3, the furthest of any celiac drug, but that pivotal trial (9 Meters Biopharma, CeDLara) was discontinued in 2022 for futility after an interim analysis, and it is not approved. Gray-market 'leaky gut' use is unsupported by outcome trials.

Gut Permeability / Tight JunctionNever approved. Reached Phase 3 (CeDLara, 9 Meters Biopharma), the furthest any celiac drug has advanced, but the Phase 3 was discontinued in June 2022 for futility after an interim analysis. FDA Fast Track designation had been granted earlier; no approval followed.

Human Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide

The body's own antibiotic. In neutrophils and skin. Anti-cancer signals emerging.

Antimicrobial / ImmunomodulatoryNo FDA-approved LL-37 product; human use is limited to early-phase investigational trials (topical chronic-wound RCTs and a Phase I intratumoral melanoma study). Injectable and gray-market 'research chemical' LL-37 is unapproved for human use.

Tuftsin Analog Heptapeptide

Built on a spleen peptide. Anxiety off, without sedation. No Western trial has ever been run.

Anxiolytic / NootropicNot approved (USA). Registered in Russia in 2009 for generalized anxiety disorder. Selank acetate (TP-7) was removed from FDA Category 2 of the interim 503A compounding list on September 20, 2024 after the nominator withdrew, and it is not on the approved 503A bulks list.

TP-5 Synthetic Thymic Pentapeptide

A synthetic pentapeptide reproducing the active fragment (residues 32 to 36) of the thymic hormone thymopoietin, formerly marketed as Timunox in Italy for immunodeficiency and still sold as a generic in China, but never FDA- or EMA-approved.

Thymic Peptide / ImmuneNot FDA-approved. Orphan-drug designation only (2011, sarcoidosis). Formerly marketed as Timunox in Italy (approved 1985); available as a generic in China. No EMA central approval.

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

The inflammation resolver. The signature of Dr. Shoemaker's mold-illness protocol.

Neuropeptide / Immune RegulatorNo FDA-approved VIP or aviptadil product. FDA declined Emergency Use Authorization for Zyesami (aviptadil) in critical COVID-19 on 4 Nov 2021; holds orphan-drug designation for sarcoidosis (investigational only).

Alpha-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

The endogenous 13-amino-acid melanocortin hormone cleaved from pro-opiomelanocortin, with well-characterized MC1R-mediated pigmentation and anti-inflammatory activity in preclinical models; it is the parent scaffold of the approved analog afamelanotide (Scenesse) and of Melanotan and PT-141, while the native peptide itself remains a research peptide with no approved product and no human efficacy trials.

Melanocortin / Anti-InflammatoryNo approved product for native alpha-MSH; sold as a research peptide only. The synthetic analog afamelanotide (Scenesse) is FDA-approved (October 2019) for erythropoietic protoporphyria, and the analog bremelanotide (Vyleesi) is FDA-approved for HSDD; these are separate compounds.

Ala-Asp-Glu-Leu Bronchial Tetrapeptide

A Khavinson tetrapeptide bioregulator targeting bronchial epithelium, with Russian data on chronic respiratory conditions in aging.

Respiratory BioregulatorNot approved; never evaluated by FDA or EMA. Sold as a research chemical or an imported Russian supplement, not for human consumption in the US.

Glu-Asp-Gly Bronchial Bioregulator

A Khavinson tripeptide targeting bronchial and lung epithelial tissue. Russian data on respiratory function in aging.

Respiratory BioregulatorNot approved by FDA for any indication; sold only as a research chemical labeled not for human consumption

Somatostatin Analog Neuropeptide

A neuropeptide closely related to somatostatin, with anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and neuroprotective properties. Potential for autoimmune, sepsis, and neuroinflammation work.

Neuropeptide / Anti-InflammatoryNo FDA approval; investigational neuropeptide studied only in preclinical animal and in-vitro models, sold where available as a research chemical not for human use

Lys-Pro-Val Anti-Inflammatory Tripeptide

The anti-inflammatory tail of MSH. Gut-specific. Now in front of the FDA committee.

Anti-Inflammatory / GutNot FDA-approved for any indication. Reviewed at the July 2026 PCAC meeting, where FDA proposed NOT adding KPV to the Section 503A bulk drug substances list, citing that the substance is not well characterized and that human evidence of effectiveness and safety is lacking. Sold as a research chemical and via compounding, not as an approved drug.

Khavinson Thymic Peptide Complex

A bovine thymus-derived peptide complex developed in the 1970s by Vladimir Khavinson and Vyacheslav Morozov and part of the Russian bioregulator system, registered as a pharmaceutical in Russia for immune restoration. Nearly all efficacy data originates from Russian institutions in the Khavinson lineage and has not been independently replicated.

Thymic BioregulatorNot approved (USA); subject of an FDA warning letter

Glu-Trp Immune Dipeptide

A synthetic immune dipeptide developed in Russia, approved there as an immunomodulator for infections and immune deficiency. Among the simplest bioactive peptides, just two amino acids.

Thymic Dipeptide / ImmuneNot FDA approved. Registered in Russia in three formulations (IM injection, nasal spray, topical); marketed in the West only as a research chemical.

Lys-Glu Immune Dipeptide (Khavinson)

A Khavinson dipeptide bioregulator with Russian data on immune restoration and gene expression in aging. One of the shortest peptides in the bioregulator system.

Immune Bioregulator DipeptideNot approved by the FDA for any indication. Sold in the United States and elsewhere only as a research chemical for laboratory use, labeled not for human consumption.