Mitochondrial

APJ Receptor Agonist Tridecapeptide

An endogenous APJ-receptor peptide that is inotropic, vasodilatory, anti-fibrotic, and promotes mitochondrial biogenesis. Plasma levels fall with heart failure and aging.

Cardiac / MetabolicNo approved product; investigational only. Native Apelin-13 has been used solely in short-term human research infusions, and analog programs (Novartis CLR325, BMS-986224, AMG 986) did not advance to approval.

Elamipretide · Szeto-Schiller Peptide 31

Engineered to penetrate the inner mitochondrial membrane. FDA-approved September 2025.

Mitochondrial / CardioprotectiveFDA accelerated approval Sept 2025 (Forzinity, elamipretide HCl) for muscle strength in Barth syndrome only, in patients >=30 kg; granted on an intermediate/surrogate endpoint with confirmatory clinical-benefit trials still required. Preceded by an Aug 2021 refuse-to-file and a May 2025 complete response letter. No approval for any other indication; heart-failure and mitochondrial-myopathy programs failed.

Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg (AEDR) Cardiac Peptide Bioregulator

A Khavinson short-peptide (cytogen) heart bioregulator with the sequence Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg (AEDR). Russian preclinical, in-vitro and animal data describe effects on cardiac gene expression, cytoskeletal protein synthesis and cardiomyocyte apoptosis, with no independent replication and no published human RCTs.

Cardiac BioregulatorNot Approved (USA); sold research-use-only, unapproved as a drug

Stabilized MOTS-c Analog

A stabilized synthetic analog of MOTS-c in clinical development to overcome the native peptide's synthesis and stability challenges. Earliest stage of development.

Mitochondrial AnalogNo FDA approval. The one clinically tested analog, CB4211, completed a single Phase 1a/1b study and was discontinued when CohBar dissolved; consumer 'MOTS-c analog' products are sold as research chemicals, not for human use.

24-AA Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide

Found while hunting Alzheimer's-resistance genes. From the same mitochondrial DNA as MOTS-c.

Mitochondrial / NeuroprotectiveNot FDA approved for any indication; no completed human interventional trials. Research stage / preclinical only.

S14G-Humanin Enhanced Analog

An S14G-substituted humanin analog roughly 1,000x more potent than native humanin, researched for Alzheimer's resistance and insulin sensitization.

Mitochondrial / NeuroprotectiveNo FDA approval and no completed human trial; not on the FDA 503A or 503B compounding bulk lists. Supplied only as a research-use laboratory chemical, not for human consumption.

Mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA Type-C

A small peptide made from mitochondrial DNA that rises with exercise and falls with age.

Mitochondrial / Exercise MimeticNot FDA approved for any indication; investigational only. First human interventional trial (Phase 2a, NCT07505745) enrolling in 2026; sold elsewhere as a research chemical labeled not for human use.

Small Humanin-Like Peptide 2

A member of the humanin family from the USC mitochondrial-peptide program. Higher plasma levels associate with longer survival; anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective in preclinical models.

Mitochondrial-Derived PeptideNot FDA approved for any indication; no approved drug application, no completed human clinical trials. Available only as a research reagent, not for human use.

Small Humanin-Like Peptide 6

From the same USC mitochondrial-peptide discovery program as Humanin and MOTS-c, with anti-apoptotic properties observed in cancer cell lines.

Mitochondrial-Derived PeptideNo FDA approval and no investigational (IND) program on record; available only as a research-use-only laboratory reagent, not for human consumption

Lys-Glu-Asp Vascular Bioregulator

A Khavinson tripeptide bioregulator targeting vascular tissue and endothelial function in aging. Russian data only.

Vascular BioregulatorNot FDA approved for any indication; not evaluated by the FDA. Sold in the United States only as a research chemical labeled not for human consumption; in Russia it is marketed as a non-prescription peptide bioregulator/dietary preparation.